N.Y. State Firearms Ass’n v. James

2nd CircuitOct 15, 2025

Split Score

SplitScore: 67/100

Case Summary

Disposition

Affirmed

The Second Circuit affirmed the district court’s refusal to preliminarily enjoin New York’s Concealed Carry Improvement Act provisions that require ammunition sellers to run background checks, pay a $2.50 per-check fee, and register with the State Police. The court held that these requirements do not meaningfully constrain the plaintiffs’ ability to keep and bear arms at step one of the Bruen framework and therefore are unlikely to violate the Second Amendment.

Circuit Split Identified

Legal Issue

Whether state-imposed ammunition background-check regimes that include modest fees and short delays facially violate the Second Amendment because they ‘meaningfully constrain’ the right to keep and bear arms at Bruen step one.

Circuit Positions

2nd Circuit(this circuit)4th Circuit5th Circuit

Modest fees and short delays for ammunition background checks do NOT meaningfully constrain the Second Amendment right; law is presumptively valid at Bruen step one.

9th Circuit

Ammunition background-check regimes with fees/delays facially violate the Second Amendment because they meaningfully constrain the right in all applications.

Conflict Summary

The Second, Fourth, and Fifth Circuits hold that background-check systems with minimal fees and brief processing times do not meaningfully burden the right to acquire arms and therefore survive the Bruen step-one inquiry, while the Ninth Circuit has held that any such statewide ammunition background-check scheme, with its attendant fees and delays, facially infringes the Second Amendment in all applications.

Parties & Counsel

Parties

Appellant:New York State Firearms Association, George Borrello, David DiPietro, William Ortman, Aaron Dorr
Appellee:Steven G. James, in his official capacity as Superintendent of the New York State Police

Legal Counsel

Appellant:Barr & Klein PLLC (Stephen R. Klein; Benjamin Barr)
Appellee:New York State Office of the Attorney General (Beezly J. Kiernan, Assistant Solicitor General; Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General; Jeffrey W. Lang, Deputy Solicitor General)

Opinion Document