Gordon-Darby Holdings, Inc. v. Quinn

Circuit 1Apr 30, 2026

Split Score

SplitScore: 42/100

Case Summary

Disposition

Vacated

The First Circuit granted the New Hampshire Commissioners’ motion to stay a district court preliminary injunction that had forced the State to keep enforcing its repealed motor-vehicle emissions inspection program. The court held the Commissioners are likely to succeed on appeal because the plaintiff, Gordon-Darby Holdings, failed to show an existing or repeated violation of the Clean Air Act’s State Implementation Plan, making its citizen-suit premature, and the remaining stay factors also favored the State.

View Full Opinion Document (PDF)

Circuit Split Identified

Legal Issue

Whether the Clean Air Act permits citizen suits against state regulators acting in their regulatory capacity under 42 U.S.C. § 7604/§7605.

Circuit Positions

Circuit 3

Citizen suits may be brought against state regulators acting in their regulatory capacity.

Circuit 6

§7605 does not permit citizen suits against state regulators qua regulators.

Circuit 1(this circuit)

No definitive position taken; split acknowledged but unresolved.

Conflict Summary

The Third Circuit has held that citizen suits may be brought against states in their regulatory capacity, while the Sixth Circuit has held that §7605 does not allow such suits; the First Circuit noted the disagreement but expressly declined to take a substantive position.

Parties & Counsel

Parties

Appellant:Robert L. Quinn, Commissioner of the New Hampshire Department of Safety, et al.
Appellee:Gordon-Darby Holdings, Inc.

Legal Counsel

Appellant:Joshua Connor Harrison; Andrew D. Knudsen; Allison D. Wood
Appellee:Mark Lucas; Amy Manzelli