PUBLIC INTEREST LEGAL FOUNDATION, INC. V. NAGO

Circuit 9Apr 28, 2026

Split Score

SplitScore: 59/100

Case Summary

Disposition

Affirmed

Public Interest Legal Foundation sought a statewide voter-registration list from Hawaii, claiming a disclosure right under the NVRA. The Ninth Circuit held the group had standing and the case was ripe, but on the merits concluded that the NVRA’s public-inspection provision covers only records about list-maintenance activities, not the voter list itself, and therefore affirmed dismissal with prejudice.

View Full Opinion Document (PDF)

Circuit Split Identified

Legal Issue

Whether a statewide voter-registration list is a “record[] concerning the implementation of programs and activities conducted for the purpose of ensuring the accuracy and currency of official lists of eligible voters” that must be disclosed under § 20507(i)(1) of the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA).

Circuit Positions

Circuit 1Circuit 10

Statewide voter lists are covered ‘records’ that must be disclosed under NVRA § 20507(i)(1).

Circuit 9(this circuit)

Statewide voter lists are NOT covered; § 20507(i)(1) applies only to records about the implementation of list-maintenance programs, not the lists themselves.

Conflict Summary

The First and Tenth Circuits interpret § 20507(i)(1) broadly and hold that statewide voter files themselves are disclosable records, reasoning that such lists reflect the ‘end result’ of list-maintenance activities. The Ninth Circuit rejects that view, holding that § 20507(i)(1) covers only materials documenting how list-maintenance programs are carried out, not the voter lists themselves.

Parties & Counsel

Parties

Appellant:Public Interest Legal Foundation, Inc.
Appellee:Scott T. Nago, in his official capacity as Chief Election Officer for the State of Hawaii

Legal Counsel

Appellant:Joseph M. Nixon, Maureen Riordan, Noel H. Johnson (Public Interest Legal Foundation Inc.); William A. Harrison (Harrison Law Center A Law Corporation)
Appellee:Aaron Schulaner (Office of Elections, Hawaii); Jennifer H. Crum, Reese R. Nakamura, Randall Nishiyama, Anne E. Lopez (Hawaii Attorney General’s Office)