United States v. Raphael Nunn

Circuit 8Dec 4, 2025

Split Score

SplitScore: 34/100

Case Summary

Disposition

Affirmed

The Eighth Circuit affirmed Raphael Raymond Nunn’s convictions for kidnapping, bank fraud, and aggravated identity theft, as well as his 288-month above-Guidelines sentence. The court held that Nunn’s ambiguous statement, “I think I should get a lawyer, dude,” did not clearly invoke his Miranda right to counsel, that allowing a spontaneous in-court identification was not plainly erroneous, and that the district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing an upward variance.

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Circuit Split Identified

Legal Issue

Whether, after Perry v. New Hampshire, courts must apply the two-step reliability analysis from Neil v. Biggers to admit an in-court identification.

Circuit Positions

Circuit 2

Reliability analysis is required for in-court identifications to satisfy due process.

Circuit 8(this circuit)

Issue remains unsettled; court assumes without deciding that the reliability analysis applies.

Conflict Summary

Some circuits hold that the due-process ‘reliability analysis’ remains necessary before admitting any in-court identification, while other circuits (including the Eighth Circuit) have not resolved the question and, at most, assume arguendo that the analysis applies without deciding.

Parties & Counsel

Parties

Appellant:Raphael Raymond Nunn
Appellee:United States of America